"In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted ? (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is related to the elementary charge e, which characterizes the strength of the coupling of an elementary charged particle with the electromagnetic field, by the formula 4??0?c? = e2. Being a dimensionless quantity, it has the same numerical value of about ?1?137 in all systems of units. Arnold Sommerfeld introduced the fine-structure constant in 1916.
Arnold Sommerfeld introduced the fine-structure constant in 1916, as part of his theory of the relativistic deviations of atomic spectral lines from the predictions of the Bohr model. The first physical interpretation of the fine-structure constant was as the ratio of the velocity of the electron in the first circular orbit of the relativistic Bohr atom to the speed of light in the vacuum. Equivalently, it was the quotient between the maximum angular momentum allowed by relativity for a closed orbit, and the minimum angular momentum allowed for it by quantum mechanics. It appears naturally in Sommerfeld's analysis, and determines the size of the splitting or fine-structure of the hydrogenic spectral lines." Wikipedia, fine structure constant
The fine structure constant and the speed of time.
The fine structure constant, a, was introduced into quantum field theory to explain the fine splitting of atomic spectra. It is a dimensionless constant approximately equal to 1/137 (a = 1/137).
Cause and effect normally don't occur at the same time and place. So there is a velocity from cause to effect this velocity could be referred to as the velocity of time. Famous Russian astronomer, Nickolai Kozyrev, experimentally determined that time velocity, Vt , was the speed of light divided by the fine structure constant (Vt = c/137).
Kozyrev also investigated torsion phenomenon. All spinning objects, from electrons to stars, generate torsion fields. If these spinning objects are accelerated, they also generate torsion waves. Kozyrev measured the velocity of these torsion waves and found their velocity to be at least 9 orders of magnitude faster than light if not instantaneous. He could aim telescopes at present actual location of stars and receive the strongest torsion wave readings on his torsion detectors.
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