Following the first observation of anomalous X-ray lines from clustered gas targets in the early 1990s [4-TD69.pdf], many subsequent experimental studies (cited below) have shown that under intense, short pulse irradiation, clusters of size in the range 500^106 atoms become a source of bright X-rays, fast electrons (a few keV) and energetic, highly charged ions (up to 1 MeV and 40þ). This interaction is distinct from the Coulomb explosion dominated dynamics observed in clusters at lower intensity, and much more energetic than that of the well-studied cases of atoms [5–7-TD69.pdf], molecules [8,9-TD69.pdf] and small (
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