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The Do-It-Yourself Business Trust
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Create Your Own Private Business Structure in Minutes


Putting a private trust together usually costs thousands of dollars and can be very complicated*.

Our forms package allows you to have your own trust in minutes for less than $100.00. Anyone can do it with the provided downloadable materials. Simply 1) fill in the blanks, 2) print it out and 3) sign it. Done!

Who Would Benefit With an Unincorporated Business Trust?
1- Small businesses and their owners.
2- Individuals with additional income sources.
3- People soon to pass along an inheritance.
4- People wishing to convey property without going through the usual sale, conveyance and recording processes.
5- People wishing to hold/control property or income in other than their name or business name.
6- Those wishing to have more privacy of ownership.
7- Those desiring to preserve and convey their legacy (property, income, rights, etc.) to the next generation.

Is it legal? Yes! See Unincorporated Business Trust - Legal
What you get in this package:  Unincorporated Business Trust - Table of Contents
More detailed information scroll down.

* If you have an extensive estate and incomes you might want to pay a professional to create a trust for you. Otherwise most people just want a simple and private business structure to do simple things like start a business, capture rental or other income, etc. If you are the latter then this trust package is for you.
 

Maybe it's Time for a Business Trust!

10 Advantages of a Trust What can it do for me?

Is it legal? Yes!


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This business-form package contains everything you need to create your own Unincorporated Business Organization. Operate this trust as you would any other business organization. All forms supplied - just fill in the blanks. This Business Trust has successfully weathered two out of two IRS audits!!! Protect your assets from moochers and looters.
Maybe it's Time for a Business Trust!
Preparedness Journal
 
 
What in the world is a Business Trust, you may ask. Well, before we answer that question directly, maybe you should also ask yourself: "Just how do I preserve my privacy, protect my assets against judgments and lawsuits and significantly reduce income taxes but not be exposed to the inherent risks of a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation or other legislatively created business entity?"
 
A Business Trust can and does accomplish all of these factors. But...again, what is a Business Trust? A Business Trust is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service and the courts as a UBOT (Unincorporated Business Organization Trust).
 
A Business Trust (UBOT) is a powerful entity by which individuals may combine their resources to operate a business for profit without the inherent liabilities of a partnership or the double taxation of corporations.
 
The UBOT is an organization created and managed by ''trustees" for the benefit and profit of persons who hold or may acquire transferable Trust certificates. Similar to stock certificates of a corporation, Trust certificates provide individual holders evidence of interest in the Trust estate (assets/income).
 
A UBOT is often called a "Common-law Trust" but this phrase is not descriptive of any of the peculiar characteristics of such organizations. The basis for the terminology "Common-law Trust" is that they are created under the common law of contracts and do not depend upon any statute for its existence. See the United States Constitution, Article 1 Sec. 10, Clause 1.
 
As indicated by its name, a Business Trust is an estate adapted to business or commercial activities. Reduced to its bare essentials the UBOT consists of a combination of capital vested in trustees who manage the entity profitably for Trust certificate holders.
 
A UBOT is created when one or more persons transfer the legal title in property to trustees, with power vested in the latter to manage and control the property and business and to pay the profits of the enterprise to the creators of the Trust or their successors.
 
In its typical and characteristic form the UBOT is brought into being by two basic documents: a Declaration of Trust and a Trust Indenture. These two documents make all the provisions of who is who and who is responsible for what, relative to the Trust activities.
 
The UBOT which had its beginnings in England in the 18th Century, adapts the ordinary trust to the new purpose of carrying on a business.
 
Two of the most famous early business Trusts in England were Lloyds of London (1811) and the London Stock Exchange (1802). An explanation of their function, under the Common-law of England, can be found in Smith v. Anderson, 15 Chancery Division 247 (1880).
 
The Business Trust made its debut in Massachusetts in 1827. As a result, a U.S. Business Trust today is often called a "Massachusetts Trust" in legal circles. The U.S. Supreme Court defined the Massachusetts Trust as a form of business organization, common in Massachusetts consisting essentially of an arrangement whereby property is conveyed to trustees: in accordance with terms of the Trust. The business is to be held and managed for the benefit of persons who hold transferable certificates issued by the trustees showing the shares into which the beneficial interest in the property is divided.
 
This method of transacting business in commercial enterprises originated in Massachusetts as a result of negative laws prohibiting the development of real estate without a special act of the legislature or in other words, without "permission" of the State . So, the Business Trust was created under Common-law right to contract to obtain legislatively constructed business organizations advantages but without having to gain "permission" to enter into a business activity and suffer under the burdens and restrictions that are placed on "statutorily constructed organizations".
 
During the last century and through the mid years of this century the tax laws and State regulations strongly favored corporate structures, detrimental and restrictive changes in these laws in the past 10-l5 years have resulted in the resurgence of the use of the UBOT For example, in 1985 the Scudder Capital Growth Fund, Inc. and Kemper Money Market Fund, Inc. changed their forms of organization from corporate to a Business Trust Organization.
 
 
 
There are nine basic advantages of operating a business as a UBOT which cause it to operate lawfully.
 
1) The UBOT is formed by contract between the parties setting forth the purposes, terms and conditions.
2 ) The UBOT is a legal entity and an artificial individual, with rights almost equal to a natural person (a human being), able to own property and conduct business like a natural person. It is irrevocable and no one has any reversionary right to its assets.
3) The UBOT's assets are owned and its business activities managed by the trustees who accept such responsibility as fiduciaries on behalf of the beneficiaries.
4) The beneficial interests are divided into Capital Units, evidenced by the issuance of Trust certificates, conveying to the holder the limited rights to receive their pro-rate share of any distributions of income or assets that may be made by the trustees.
5) The Capital Units, are personal property which convey neither legal title to the property nor any voice in the management of the business or the selection of trustees.
6) The UBOT is subject to taxation on its distributable net income. The beneficiaries are only taxed on what they receive.
7) The assets of the UBOT are never subject to probate or estate (inheritance) tax because, as an artificial person, it never dies. Unlike a will, the UBOT is set up in contemplation of life, not death.
8) The Capital Units become void upon the death of the holder and, thus, have no value to be subject to estate tax or probate.
9) The life of the UBOT can be extended as deemed advisable or terminated at any time by the trustees in accordance with the Trust Indenture (contract).
Since the Trust Indenture is a contract between the creator and the trustee, the indenture controls the activities, powers and responsibilities of those who administer the Trust. No one has legal authority to change it's provisions except those so authorized by the indenture. Foremost among the advantages of trustee-ship over the standard legal devices is its flexibility.
 
The document creating the Trust is the law of the Trust, not statutes created by the State.
 
Courts have long since supported the principal of the trustees carrying out the terms of their Trust contract and agreement. Also, Trust property cannot be held under attachment nor sold upon execution, for the trustees personal debts. Personal liability of a trustee cannot be enforced against the Trust property. If the trustee personally owned any amounts of beneficial interest, these Units of Beneficial Interest (Trust Certificates) can be attached.
 
This doctrine is supported in the case of United States National Bank of Omaha v. Andres Kaminski (Civil Action NO 77 Cv. 1830, District Court of Jefferson County, Colorado, June 16, 1980), the Bank alleged that Kaminski owed them $20.000. When he had no personal assets to seize after they obtained a judgment, they tried to seize the assets of his Trust he had set up several years earlier. The Bank's action failed and they were unable to penetrate the Trust.
 
Beneficiaries cannot be held liable for debts incurred by the Trust. "If, in fact, a true Trust has been created (and this is very important, i.e. the Trust must correctly be written and executed), the certificate holders are not personally liable on the obligations incurred by the trustees or managing agents appointed by the trustees.
 
Lets face it, exposure to liability and potential law suits is one of those worries most of us lay awake at night thinking about. Especially if we have a business where liability potential is omnipresent. And if we aren't worried, we should be in the litigious society we live in.
 
The past several years has seen the rise of multitudinous bankruptcies being filed. Even many of the long thought of stalwarts of American industry have gone bankrupt. More than we care to count. Big ones (including a big 8 accounting firm) and little ones like those of us who make up 90% of America's gross national product.
 
10 BIG ADVANTAGES OF A BUSINESS TRUST
 
MOST BUSINESSES are organized as corporations, partnerships or sole proprietorships. One even better way to organize a business is as a common law trust, also known as a business trust.
 
"A business or common-law trust, commonly known as a Massachusetts trust, is a form of business organization consisting essentially of an arrangement whereby property is conveyed to trustees, in accordance with the terms of an instrument of trust, to be held and managed for the benefit of such persons as may from time to time be holders of transferable certificates issued by the trustees showing the shares into which the beneficial interest is divided, which certificates entitle the holders to share ratably in the income of the property, and on termination of the trust, in the proceeds thereof." Corpus Juris Secondum 12A 495.
 
"The essential attribute of a business trust is that the property is placed in the hands of trustees who manage and deal with it for the use and benefit of the beneficiaries." Enochs & Plowers v. Roell, 154 So. 299, 170 Miss 44.
 
The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the existence of business trusts and explained their advantages in the case Morrissey v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 56 S. Ct. 289, 296 U.S. 344, 80 L.Ed. 263.
 
Common law trusts are not new. Some major US businesses that were originally organized as common law trusts include: American Express, Pepperell Manufacturing, Massachusetts Electric, Chicago Elevated Railroad and Associated Simmons Hardware.
 
The common law trust is created by a private, written contract. A trust contract is basically created by two or more individuals: trustor and trustee. The trustor (the owner of the assets being transferred into the trust), makes an offer to the trustee to manage the trust. The trustor exchanges his or her assets (such as business interests, real estate, stocks and bonds) to the trustee for Certificates of Capital Units ( personal property similar to shares of stock in a corporation).
 
The advantages of a business trust far exceed the benefits of a corporation.

ADVANTAGE No. 1. Because the corporation is created by the state as a privilege, corporate benefits may be diminished, limited or eliminated by the state government, whereas business trusts, or unincorporated business organization's (UBOT) existence and operation are controlled by its contract, not by state corporation law.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 2. The state charges high incorporation fees and high ongoing annual fees. The UBOT, as a privately created entity, does not have these expenses.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 3. A corporation (expect for a Subchapter S corporation that is taxed as a partnership) can be subject to double taxation (income taxes on corporate profits, then income taxes on dividends paid now or in the future from those profits to shareholders). In contrast, a UBOT does not pay income taxes on its profits if it must distribute all of its net income to its beneficiaries - thereby escaping taxation as a simple trust.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 4. Likewise, capital gains taxes may be entirely avoided by a UBOT that sells assets at a profit if the trust contract specifies that all net trust income is to be distributed annually to the certificate holders (beneficiaries) who will be the ones to report the capital gains as taxable income and pay any due taxes.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 5. Corporate officers and directors (and sometimes shareholder names) and financial dealings are a matter of public record and detailed annual reports. UBOT affairs are private and not a matter of public record.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 6. The avoidance of probate administration is one major advantage of a UBOT. If one's assets are all owned by one or more trusts, at one's death, there are no assets in the deceased person's name to go through the probate wringer. The trustees and successor beneficiaries continue the uninterrupted administration and benefit of the trust assets and income.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 7. Because the UBOT assets do not go through the probate wringer, a UBOT cannot be challenged by persons falsely claiming to be heirs or creditors of the deceased person.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 8. Assets can often be protected against creditors while beneficiaries are alive because the UBOT holds legal title to the trust assets with the result that beneficiaries cannot have their shares of capital units attached by creditors if the trust has valid spendthrift clauses.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 9. Like the initial funding of a new corporation, there is no income or transfer (gift) tax to put initial assets into a business trust (structured to be like a corporation in the initial funding process) because the transferor of the assets receives back a proportionate share of the Certificates of capital Units.
 
ADVANTAGE No. 10. Whereas corporate stock owned by a stockholder is liable for death taxes (to the extent the value exceeds exemptions and deductions), the assets to a properly structured, funded and administered asset preservation trust will not be part of the grantor who originally funded the trust when the grantor dies.
 
This package contains everything you need to create your own Unincorporated Business Organization Trust.
All forms are supplied - just fill in the blanks.

 The Do-It-Yourself Business Trust
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The UBOT is a do-it-yourself pure trust. Free yourself from bureaucracies, licenses, fees, moochers and looters. Liberate your creativity to build your wealth. This trust documentation contains everything you need to create your own Unincorporated Business Organization. All necessary forms are supplied - just fill in the blanks. To date this Business Trust has successfully weathered two out of two IRS audits!!! It is the same trust used by the super-rich and those who wish to keep what is theirs private and secure.


 
Is It Legal???
 
One of the common questions arising in the formation of Common-Law trusts surrounds its legality. The enclosed legal cites are some important cases to support the common-law, contractual company, pure trust entity.
 
ARTICLE 1, SECTION 10 of the United States Constitution....
"No state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts."
 
CONFIRMING THE TRUST CONTRACT
 
A) Certificate holders are devoid of legal rights, have no officers, are and must remain forever mute as to the selection, approval or disapproval of the trustees and their methods of conduct of business affairs would make the trustee absolute owner.
Bourchard v. First People's trust, 253 Mas 351, 148 NE 895.
 
B) Right to Contract
Schumman-Heink v. Folsom, 159 NE 250 (1927)
 
C) United States Supreme Court has long held and recognized that freedom to make contracts and have them enforced by the courts is a part of the bundle of rights protected by the "due process" clauses of both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Paterson v. Bank Eudora (1903) 190 US 169, 47 L Ed 1002, 23 S Ct 821
Muller v. Oregon, 208 US 412, 52 L Ed 551, 38 S Ct 324 1908 v. U.S. 157 US 160, 39 L Ed 657, 15 S Ct 586 (1895)
 
D) The trust contract is established by private parties, for personal purposes, is not registered with the state corporation commissioner to comply with statutes relating to incorporating and does not invalidate the trust organization.
Hodgkiss v. Northland Petroleum Consolidated, 104 Mont 328. 67, P 2d 811
 
E) Certificate holders of a Trust Contract enjoy an even greater immunity from personal liability than is accorded to stockholders of corporations.
Goldwater v. Oltman, 210 Cal 408, 292 P624, 71 ALR 871
 
F) One of the main objectives of a trust contract is to obtain most of the advantages of corporations, but with freedom from the burdens, restrictions, and regulations generally imposed upon them.
Ashworth v. Hagen Estates 165 Va 151, 181 SE 381
 
G) The United States Supreme Court has acknowledged the Trust contract as a "pure or true" trust, citing the Hecht case in Navarro v. Lee.
Hecht v. Malley 265 US 144 (1924) Navarro v. Lee 446 US 458 (1980)
 
H) Business trusts are found in Corpus Juris Secundum and American Jurisprudence, 2d.
 
I) Business trusts are recognized under the term "common law trust"
88 American Law Reports 3d 704, citing Schumann-Heink v. Folsom 328 III 321, 159 NE 250, 50 ALR 485 (1927)
 
J) A Trust is one of several juridical devices whereby one person is enabled to deal with property for the benefit of another person.
Restatement of the Law of Trusts, 2d Introduction Note, Pa. 1
 
K) Any law or procedure materially affecting contract rights necessarily impairs the obligation of the contract upon which right is founded and is, therefore, violative of the United States Constitution.
Smith v. Morse 2 CA 524
 
L) The creation of a Pure Trust is not subject to legislative control. The United States Supreme Court holds that trust relationship comes under the realm of equity, based upon common law, and is not subject to legislative restrictions as are corporations and other organizations created by legislative authority.
Eliot v. Freeman 220 US 178
 
M) The creator of a Pure Trust may mold and give it any shape he chooses, and he chooses, and he or the trustees may provide for the appointment of a successor or successors to the trustee or trustees, upon such terms as he may choose to impose.
Shaw v. Pine 12 Allen (Mass) 293; also in Harwood vs. Tracy, 118 Mo. 631, 24 SW 214
 
N) The court will support the trustees in carrying out the terms of their Trust contract and agreement.
Clews v. Jamison, 182 US 461, 21 S. Ct. 845
 
O) Trust property cannot be held under attachment nor sold upon execution, for the trustees' personal debts. Personal liability of a trustee cannot be enforced against the trust property.
Mayo v. Moritz, 24 N. E. 1083 (1890)
 
P) If the Trustee owned personally any amounts of beneficial interest, these Certificate Units can be attached.
Hussey v. Arnold 70 N.E. 87 (1904)
 
 
CONTRACT TRUST RECOGNIZED BY IRS
 
 
A) Internal Revenue Regulations acknowledgement of contract Trust Organization.
IRS Regulations 301, 7701 4 (b) Berry v. McCourt 204 NE 2d 235, 240
 
B) An "exchange" is a reciprocal transfer of property as distinguished from the transfer of property for a money or consideration only.
TR 118, S. 39.112 (a) 1(e)
 
C) The owner of Beneficial Certificates is not an owner as a stockholder is an owner; the Certificate Holders have no ownership whatever in property held by the Contract Trust, nor do they have any voice or control over the Trustees.
Becker v. St. Louis Union Trust Co. 296 US 48, 50; 80L ED 35:56 S CT 78
 
D) "The Internal Revenue Code classifies a Trust as an 'individual' for tax purposes." Trusts are included with persons and "individuals'" in Section 1 which lists entities which are subject to tax. Also Section 3(b)(2) refers to Trusts as individuals. Also the tax forms for trusts clearly illustrate they are not to be Corporations, partnerships, etc.
"A trust certificate, while valuable, has 'no determinable value' when exchanged for assets, and thus there is no taxable event because of this exchange, as determined by the U.S. Supreme Court." Burenett v. Logan 283 U.S. 404), also (Stern v. C.I.R., 747 F. 2d 555 (1984)
 
NO GIFT OR ESTATE TAXES
 
A) Certificates have no ascertainable "Fair Market Value", and have minimal value to someone else. Bad bargains do not result in taxable gifts. Contract Trust in a genuine business transaction.
Estate of Anderson V. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 8 Tax Court 706.721
 
B) Rationale of federal estate tax is not a levy on property of the estate but on its transfer at death.
Second National Bank of Newhaven v. U.S. 422 F 2d 49 (1970)
 
NO GIFT OR ESTATE TAXES
 
A) If a bona fide transfer, sale or exchange is made at arm's length in the ordinary course of business, the transaction will be assumed to be for consideration and not gratuitous. A consideration that is not reducible to a value in money or money's worth, i.e., love and affection or promise or marriage, is to be wholly disregarded and considered totally gratuitous.
Internal Revenue Service "Federal Estate and Gift Taxation Publication" #488
 
B) The Unites States Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has long held that full and adequate consideration is met by issuance of trust certificate units in exchange for real and personal property invested in a "pure" trust organization.
Carpenter v. White, CIR, 80 F 2d 145
 
C) The measure of the gain ... of an exchange is the difference between the (adjusted) cost ... basis of the property transferred ... and the fair market value of the property ... received.
Internal Revenue Code 1001 (a), (b) Parrington v. Attorney General, LR. H. L. l00. 122
 
D) No "Equitable Construction" of a tax statute. Code must be strictly construed. Gain [is] measured from fair market value of property received.
U.S. v. Merriam, 263 US 179 (1923)
Commissioner v. Harrelson 282 US 55 (1930) Gould v. Gould US 151
 
E) The "fair market value" is the price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell, and both having knowledge of all the relevant facts. It may not be determined by a forced sales price, nor is it to be determined by the sale price of the item in a market other than that in which such item is most commonly sold to the public.
Federal Estate and Gift taxation, Publication No. 448
Davis v. U.S. (1961) 287 F 2d 168, 82 S Ct. 805 affirmed in part and reversed in part on other grounds, 370 US 65, 82 S Ct 1190, 8 L Ed 335, Rehearing denied 371 VS 854 , 83 S. Ct 14, 15.F)
 
F) IRC Section 1001 (b) requires that the capital gain be measured by "the fair market value" of the property received (emphasis added) by the taxpayer, not by the fair market value transferred by the taxpayer in exchange for the property received. To say that the fair market value of the property received is the same as the fair market value of the property given up not only ignores realities, but is the use of a formula which is radically different from the recognized formula approved by the courts for determining fair market value.
Commissioner v. Marshman 279 F 2d 27, Cert. den. 364 US 918, 8 S Ct 282, 286; 5 L Ed 2d 259.
Maxfied v. U.S. 152 F 2d 593, Cert. den. 2 Cases 327 US 791, 66 S Ct 821.9
 
G) This definition primarily benefits the Treasury in estate tax situations. However, IRS may not have one definition for "fair market value" at one time when it is beneficial, and a different one for another time when the benefit goes to the taxpayer. The IRS is obliged to keep their conclusion that the fair market value of valuable beneficial units cannot be determined in any forum other than a voluntary sale.
The IRS may not force a sale to determine price where the item displays an inherent yet unsettled value. They may also not force the beneficial units to be sold in a market other than that in which such certificates may commonly be sold to the public. In addition, when the Treasury says "public", they mean at retail rather than wholesale. The value of the above definition is evident in the point that the client may plan affairs around hard and fast rules not subject to change.
Federal Estate and Gift Taxation, Publication No. 448, p. 39 Burnett v. Logan, 283 US 404, 51 S Ct. 75 LED 1143 (1931)
 
H) Interests which terminate "on" or "before" death are not a proper subject of the Federal Estate Tax.
Knowlton v. Moore, 178 US 41, 20 S Ct 747, 44 L Ed 969 (1900): YMCA V. Davis. 264 US 47 (1924), 44 S Ct 291, 68 LED 564: Goodman v. Grander, 243 F 2d 264 (1957): Babb v. US 349 F Supp 792 (1972)
 
I) Because Code Sec. 644 does not provide a method for determining the basis of property transferred (into a trust), Code Sec. 2516 of the gift tax provisions controls. Under Code Sec. 2516, the distribution of (property) was deemed to be a transfer for full and adequate consideration --. Accordingly, the trust's basis in the (property) was its fair market value on the date of transfer ---."
(St. Joseph Bank and Trust Co., Ca-7, 83-2 USTC 9586.) - (907 CCH - Standard Federal Tax Reports 46, 191.)
 
CONTRACT TRUST AS A LEGAL ENTITY
 
A) The Contract Trust owns the property and is a distinct legal entity. Beneficial Certificate Holders are not treated as co-owners of trust property.
National City Finance v. Lewis (Cal App) 3P 2d 316 (Rehearing denied) 4P2d 163: Beilin v. Krenn & Dato 350 III 284, 183 NE 330:
Hemphil v. Orloff 238 Mich 508, 213 NW 867, 58 ALR 507, aid 277 US
537, 72 L Ed 978. 48 S Ct 577, Annotation 156 ALR 32. Goldwater v.
Oltman, 210 Cal 408: 292 P 624
 
B) The Contract Trust does not escape the necessity of having substance and business motives. "Sham" transactions , having no economic effect other than the creation of income tax losses, cannot be recognized for tax purposes.
Thompson v. Commissioner. 631 F 2d 642. 646 (1980) Cert. Denied 452 US 961 (1981) Edwards v. Commissioner. 415 F 2d 578, 582 Lewis and Talor, Inc. v. Commissioner, 447 F 2d 1074 (1971)
 
C) The fact that transactions of business are so arranged that tax consequences are highly favorable (or altogether avoid taxes) affords no license to the government to recast it into a mold or less advantage.
Gyro Engineering, Inc. v US. F 2d 578, 582 Peter Pan Seafoods, Inc. V. US 417 F 2d 670
 
D) "It (Pure Trust) is established by legal precedent that pure trusts are lawful, Valid Business Organizations."
Baker vx. Stern 58 A.L.R. 462
 
E) "Trust or trust estate is a legal entity for most all purposes as are common law trust."
Burnett vs. Smith 240 S.W. 1007 (1922)
 
 
LEGAL AND EQUITABLE TITLE HELD BY CONTRACT TRUST
 
 
A) Legal and equitable title held by contract trust.
Hecht v. Malley US 144.68 L Ed 949, 44 Ct. 462
Williams v. Milton 215 MASS 2. 102 NE 355
Goldwater v. Oltman, 210 CA 148, 292 P624. 71 ALR 871 Schumann-Heink v. Folsom 328 III 321. 159 NE 250, 58 ALR 485
 
B) When legal and equitable title, possession and control of property are legally and irrevocably passed from the Trustor (contracting investor) to himself as Trustee in
legal contemplation, it is as though the trustee receiving the conveyance is another
person.
Com. of Internal Revenue v. St. Louis Union Trust Co., 296 US 48, 50 (1935)
 
C) Property invested in the Contract Trust Organization must be fixed and irrevocable. Thus the Trustor (contracting investor) may legally be recognized as a different person even when de facto he/she may be the same human being. Trusteeship is a position created by parties at arm's length which when established is an office to be occupied by any qualified person.
Becker, Collector Internal Revenue v. St. Louis Union Trust Co.
296 Us 48, 50. 50: 80 L ED 35 56 S Ct 78.
 
D) Genuine contractual obligations control the substance.
Estate of Hilt N. Goodwyn, T.C. Memo 1976-238
 
E) Trustees of the Contractual Trust have the exclusive power to interpret or construe the intent and direction of the Trust Indenture.
Cohen v. US Trust Securities Corporation, 40 NE 2d 282
 
F) Statutes may authorize limited liability of partnerships and corporations, but those statutes do not by implication prohibit the creation of Contract Trusts to enjoy similar immunity by virtue of the Common Law.
Goldwater v. Oltman, 292 P 624. 71 ALR 871 Annotation
 
G) In tax context, "Associated" relates to a joint action and interest of the stock holders and their directors. Contract Trust Trustees and Beneficiaries are not
associated in a joint action.
Elm Street Realty Trust, 76 TC No 68 (1981): Morrissey v. CIR, 296 US 34 (1935); Crocker v. Malley, 249 US 223 (1919); Internal Revenue Regulations 301.7701-1, 2 (a) (2); Schumann Heink v. Folsom. 159 NE 250, annotation 58 ALR 485; Hecht v. Malley, 265 US 144
 
H) IRS Regulations state the term "Person" includes an "Unincorporated Organization or Group".
Internal Revenue Regulations 301.7701-1 (a) Internal Revenue Ruling 73-254
 
I) It is whether the entities were taxable as associations with the corporation rates applied, or as trusts (with the conduit method applied).
Commissioner v. Brouillard, 70 F 2d 154, 157, Cert. denied 293
US 574 No. 152
 
J) The United States Supreme Court articulated what has become recognized as the standard for determining whether an entity will be taxed as a corporation or as a trust by saying that its the nature of the entity's dominant functions and attributes which determines whether it is an association for tax purposes.
The system and course of procedure approximates much more closely that of an ordinary partnership among personal friends reposing "full confidence" (Pure trust thus a Contract Trust) in each other. The resemblances predominate strongly in favor of a trusts, not associations.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Brouillard. Same v. Shepherd Syndicate, and Same v. Pryor & Lockhart Development Co., 70 F 2d 154 Cert. den. 293 US 574 No. 152. Hemphil v. Orloff, 277 US 537, 48 S Ct 277, 72 L Ed 978 cited Ibid.
 
 
FOREIGN CONDUIT (FOREIGN STRUCTURE), MISCELLANEOUS
 
 
A) (A) Foreign Trust (is a trust) the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includable in gross income under subtitle A (Income Taxes).
Internal Revenue Code Sec. 7701 (a) (31)
 
B) Since 1967 the Internal Revenue Code has actually provided that a blanket exception from federal gift taxation is provided for all gifts made by nonresident alien of intangible property even though the situs or location of that intangible property is within the United States.
IRC Sec 2501 (a) (2). All intangibles include stock, bonds, funds, notes or other certificates of indebtedness (not Federal Reserve Notes "green backs" or US currency, or checks drawn on US banks -- IRR Sec. 25.2511-3 (b) (4) (IV), bank accounts, or US government bonds, etc.)
 
ADDITIONAL LEGAL OPINIONS
 
"Dignity of contract cannot be set aside because a tax benefit results either by design or accident."
Edwards v. Commissioner, 415 F 2d 578, 582, 10th Cir. (1969).
 
"A Pure Trust is not illegal if formed for the express purpose of avoiding taxation."
Weeks vs. Sibley, (D.C.) 269 F. 155
 
"U. S. taxpayers may also use tax havens for tax planning reasons. Some transactions conducted through tax havens have a beneficial tax result for U.S. Taxpayers that is completely within the letter of the U.S. tax laws."
Federal Tax Guide Reports in official IRS agent's manual
 
Each taxpayer in our country has the perfect right to do everything within his or her power to legally reduce his or her liability to the least legal limit that can be reached.
 
The government does not contend that the trusts were not valid legal entities, from the people who set them up or from those who held certificate units.
U.S. v. Brownlee
 
The validity and capacity of these contractual companies has been recognized in other "sister states" and would refer your attention, in this regard, to State v. Cosgrove, 210 P. 393 (Supreme Court of Idaho, 1922) and Pacific American Realty Trust v. Lanc Tot, 381 P. 2d 123 (Supreme Court of Washington, 1963).
 
In the celebrated case of United States v. Dahlstrom, 713 F. 2d 1423 (C. A.9, 1983) before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The opinion, decided August 24, 1983, ....dealt a death blow to I.R.S. hopes of utilizing mis-information schemes to terrorize average taxpayers with the spectre of criminal liability and deter them from engaging in creative tax planning.
 
A trust can be a separate, legal profit making, business entity. When trust income is accumulated or distributed at the sole discretion of the Fiduciary (the Board of Trustees), net income so held and accumulated is taxable to the trust. Only the income that is distributed to the beneficiaries is taxable to them. In one case, the IRS claimed that the trust was an association taxable as a corporation. The then Board of Tax Appeals held that the trust was not an association, and, thus, not so taxable. It also held that income earned by the trust in any given year, not distributed, as is the case with incorporated businesses.
Buitar Family Trust Estate v. Commissioner 72 F 2d 544 (1934)
 
And, most important of all, the contractual companies are not trusts under the Code -- for trusts, by their very definition, at common law, require a division or split of title (legal and equitable) between the trustees, serving on the corpus of the trust, and the beneficiaries.
 
 
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